Unconscious conditioning: Demonstration of existence and difference from conscious conditioning.

Unconscious conditioning: Demonstration of existence and difference from conscious conditioning.

Unpronounceable strings of 4 consonants (conditioned stimuli: CSs) were consistently followed by familiar words belonging to 1 of 2 opposed semantic categories (unconditioned stimuli: USs). Conditioning, in the form of greater accuracy in rapidly classifying USs into their categories, was found when visually imperceptible (to most subjects) CSs occupied ≥58 ms of a 75-ms CS-US interval. When cl...

Conscious expectation and unconscious conditioning in analgesic, motor, and hormonal placebo/nocebo responses.

The placebo and nocebo effect is believed to be mediated by both cognitive and conditioning mechanisms, although little is known about their role in different circumstances. In this study, we first analyzed the effects of opposing verbal suggestions on experimental ischemic arm pain in healthy volunteers and on motor performance in Parkinsonian patients and found that verbally induced expectati...

Sex difference in rabbit eyelid conditioning.

The rabbit eyelid conditioned reflex has been used to compare associative learning in males and ovariectomized females. A new method for monitoring eyelid movements is described. Rabbits were trained on simple delay classical conditioning. Conditioned responses were recorded during 8 acquisition days and 6 days of extinction training. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significant diffe...

From Unconscious to Conscious Insights

Whether insights arise consciously or unconsciously, and whether they arise suddenly or gradually, has been the subject of much speculation but little empirical research. Problem solving on the inversion problem presented an unusual opportunity to circumvent the methodological obstacles that have limited progress on these issues. This paper presents both empirical research on how children gener...

Air Conditioning Check and Air Conditioning Service